beardmorensis) have been found only 400 km from the South Pole. Abundant remains of the southern beech Nothofagus (N. But there are other tantalising pieces of evidence to suggest that it continued until much more recently. It is clear that these elements continued in Antarctica until about 35 million years ago. Many elements that still exist in some southern hemisphere cold temperate rainforests (such as in Tasmania, New Zealand and southern South America) used to be present in Antarctica. These specimens are around 280 to 300 million years old. While they had jettisoned almost everything else on the way back, they recognised the importance of the Glossopteris and refused to leave the specimens behind. When Robert Falcon Scott and his men were found dead in their tent on the way back from the South Pole, specimens of Glossopteris from the Beardmore Glacier region were found with them.
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The concept of Gondwana was first proposed to explain the widespread distribution of glacial rocks and Glossopteris. Plant fossilsįossil from now-extinct Glossopteris trees are well preserved in Antarctica. About 30 million years ago, the Southern Ocean began to circulate around the southern world, and the modern Antarctic environment evolved. Australia began moving north quickly, and Antarctica was isolated for the first time since animals evolved. The links between Australia and Antarctica remained until about 55 million years ago. India, South America and Africa broke away. The ozone provided protection from ultraviolet rays and life spread from the ocean to the land.Ībout 130 million years ago, Gondwana began to disintegrate. As the oxygen content grew, it reached the stratosphere and was converted to ozone. The carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere was much higher than it is now. About 400 million years ago, Gondwana moved dramatically and Antarctica took its place over the South Pole. Australia and Antarctica were rotated 90° from where they are today. When animal life first began on Earth, initially in the marine environment, Antarctica lay along what is now Australia’s southern margin. Until about 575 million years ago, all life was microscopic plant life.Īntarctica used to be part of the supercontinent Gondwana. There has been life on Earth for about 3.5 billion years. RSV Nuyina – Australia’s Antarctic icebreaker.Antarctic Strategy and Action Plan: Prime Minister’s Foreword.Classification of scientific publications.Nuyina icebreaker construction timelapse.Message for family and friends of expeditioners.What happens before departure & on arrival at station.
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History of Australian Antarctic stations.Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.Australia and the Antarctic Treaty System.Environmental Impact Assessment approvals.